Management
Combined medical and surgical management led to the cure of infection. Specifically, the patient initially received a 15-day course of intravenous treatment with vancomycin (1 gr every 12 hours), netilmicin (150 mg every 12 hours) and piperacillin-tazobactam (4.5 g every 6 hours). Then, complete debridemend of the infected and necrotic tissues was performed the 15th day of his hospitalization. The same antimicrobial treatment continued post-operatively. Seven days after the debridemend, the patient underwent a Plastic Surgery reconstruction of the affected area using bilateral pectoralis major flaps (Figure 4). He was discharged 35 days after his admission (when the intravenous antimicrobial treatment was discontinued). No recurrence was noted during 13 months of follow up.

Teaching Points

• Mediastinitis following median sternotomy represents a serious complication after CABG or valve replacement. It occurs in 0.6-3% of CABG operations and leads to high morbidity and mortality, prolonged hospitalization, and increased hospital expenses.
• Obesity, diabetes, use of bilateral internal mammary arteries, prolonged mechanical ventilation support, coexistence of leg wound infection, and the need for repeated blood transfusions are associated with risk factors for postoperative mediastinitis.
• There is considerable confusion in the literature regarding the terminology of the various types of post-sternotomy mediastinitis. Most clinicians find practical and clinically meaningful the classification of post-sternotomy mediastinitis into 5 subtypes: type I (mediastinitis presenting within 2 weeks after operation in the absence of risk factors), type II (mediastinitis presenting at 2 to 6 weeks after operation in the absence of risk factors), type III (mediastinitis type I or II in the presence of one or more risk factors), type IV or recurrent mediastinitis (mediastinitis type I, II or III after one or more failed surgical interventions with intent to treat deep sternal wound infection), and type V mediastinitis (mediastinitis presenting for the first time more than 6 weeks after operation). The term "chronic mediastinitis" refers to cases of mediastinitis type of IV or V. Although there is considerable amount of data about several aspects of type I, II and III mediastinitis including incidence, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic modalities, and therapeutic interventions, there is only limited data about recurrent (type IV) mediastinitis.
• Post sternotomy mediastinitis recurs in 5%-20% of cases after the initial treatment.
• Numerous therapeutic approaches have been developed for the treatment of post-sternotomy mediastinitis including wound debridemend, sternectomy or sternum rewiring, catheter irrigation with antibiotics or modified irrigation fluids, vacuum assisted closure therapy, and use of muscle flaps or omentum flap. Previous therapeutic approaches that were used in our patient's management for two years (wound debridemend with partial sternectomy and antibiotics given for prolonged period per os) did not result in wound closure. The treatment of choice for patients with type IV (recurrent) or type V mediastinitis is complete debridemend of the infected and necrotic tissues and then transposition of the great omentum, latissimus dorsi, major pectoralis, or rectus abdominis muscle flaps. The use of flap reconstruction lowers the mortality from 20% - 40% to approximately 5%. Intravenous antimicrobial therapy should be given according to culture results.
• Other therapeutic approaches such as antibiotic irrigation or vacuum-assisted closure therapy are related to high rates of failure.
• The high rates of treatment failure are attributed to the intense mediastinal fibrosis that does not allow the obliteration of the "dead" space of the mediastinal cavity. Obliteration of this dead restrosternal space is considered a prerequisite for successful treatment of mediastinitis. In contrary, the use of omentum or muscle flaps fills the mediastinal "dead" space and prevents the spreading of infection on the aorta, heart, grafts, or prosthetic material. In addition, omentum or muscle flap closure provides the infected tissues with the essential blood supply and the intravenous antibiotics given (especially to patients with internal mammary arteries grafts whose sternal blood flow has been shown to drop up to 90% after IMA harvest).
• Although a small proportion of patients treated with muscle flap transposition complain of chest pain or discomfort, shoulder weakness and / or loss of total strength of thorax muscles, and may develop hematoma, seroma, or abdominal hernias, it is certain that this technique leads to early wound closure with sufficient chest stability and respiratory function. Our patient's infection was cured within a few weeks after a recurrent wound infection for almost 2 years.

References
1. Gummert JF, Barten MJ, Hans C, Kluge M, Doll N, Walther T, Hentschel B,
Schmitt DV, Mohr FW, Diegeler A. Mediastinitis and cardiac surgery--an updated risk factor analysis in 10,373 consecutive adult patients. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2002; 50(2):87-91.

2. El Oakley RM, Wright JE. Postoperative mediastinitis: classification and management. Ann Thorac Surg. 1996; 61(3):1030-6.

3. Klesius AA, Dzemali O, Simon A, Kleine P, Abdel-Rahman U, Herzog C,
Wimmer-Greinecker G, Moritz A. Successful treatment of deep sternal infections following open heart surgery by bilateral pectoralis major flaps. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2004; 25(2):218-23.

4. Jones G, Jurkiewicz MJ, Bostwick J, Wood R, Bried JT, Culbertson J, Howell
R, Eaves F, Carlson G, Nahai F. Management of the infected median sternotomy wound with muscle flaps. The Emory 20-year experience. Ann Surg. 1997; 225(6):766-76.

5. Rand RP, Cochran RP, Aziz S, Hofer BO, Allen MD, Verrier ED, Kunzelman KS. Prospective trial of catheter irrigation and muscle flaps for sternal wound infection. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998; 65(4):1046-9.

6. Nahai F, Rand RP, Hester TR, Bostwick J 3rd, Jurkiewicz MJ. Primary treatment of the infected sternotomy wound with muscle flaps: a review of 211 consecutive cases. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1989; 84(3):434-41.

7. Kirsch M, Mekontso-Dessap A, Houel R, Giroud E, Hillion ML, Loisance DY.
Closed drainage using redon catheters for post-sternotomy mediastinitis: results and risk factors for adverse outcome. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001; 71(5):1580-6.

Acknowledgements
1. This case was prepared for our website by E. S. Rosmarakis, M.D.
2. A modified version of this case accompanied by a full literature review was submitted for publication.